what is magma solid rock with a fine texture

As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. Peacock, M. A. The means that the overall composition of the magma near the top of the magma chamber will become more felsic, as it is losing some iron- and magnesium-rich components. The early-forming olivine crystals react with silica in the remaining liquid magma and are converted into pyroxene, something like this: Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 (olivine) becomes 2MgSiO3 (proxene). When many plutons merge together in an extensive single feature, it is called a batholith. At about the point where pyroxene begins to crystallize, plagioclase feldspar also begins to crystallize. Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. C. biotite and olivine 1: Granite is a classic coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock. The least-dense magma rises to the top. Transfer of heat often happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together. Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. Lava eruptions can be fire fountains of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. B. may be composed of grains of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. As long as more magma pools into a volcanos magma chamber, there is the possibility of an eruption and the volcano will remain active. The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). A) the rock's texture If the magma cools slowly underground, the product will be gabbro; if it cools quickly at the surface, the product will be basalt (Figure 3.3.5). D. Al and Si are the most abundant elements in the magma. Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. C. basalt In violent eruptions, the volume of magma shrinks so much that the entire magma chamber collapses and forms a caldera. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. Stage 2 [Hint] Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. They are typically more than 100 km2 in area, associated with subduction zones, and mostly felsic in composition. Condie) 11, 1144 (Elsevier, 1994). In a porphyritic texture, what is represented by the rock's "groundmass"? Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. B. Andes mountains volcanoes This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). This continues down the chain, as long as there is still silica left in the liquid. Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. Peacock, M. A. Typical intermediate rocks are diorite and andesite. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Magma compositions vary, but will have eight main elements in different proportions. In some cases, extrusive lava cools so rapidly it does not develop crystals at all. What is magma? Exercise 3.3 Determining rock types based on magma composition, The proportions of the main chemical components of felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas are listed in the table below. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? They have a mineral composition that is intermediate between granite and basalt. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.15). B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. A) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz), whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in Fe and Mg. C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. F, In order to scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine. D. obsidian B. olivine Extrusive or volcanic rocks crystallize from lava at the earth's surface. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. America. 1. heat This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. Are plutons assembled over. 4. porphyritic basalt E) basalt, Which of the following rocks is likely to have the most quartz within it and why? All rights reserved. D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). The minerals present will be olivine, pyroxene, and calcium-rich plagioclase. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. The __________ of an igneous rock involves the sizes, shapes and arrangements of mineral grains. 5. gabbro This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. Intrusive rocks, forming underground with larger, stronger crystals, are more likely to last. C) gabbroic 2. Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. = 2 1/4. The most familiar way for magma to escape, or extrude, to Earths surface is through lava. D) Temperature of the environment - higher T = slower magma cooling. A __________ texture would be most UNLIKELY to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. a. C. the lower crust B) dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky); Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. The crystals that settle might either form an olivine-rich layer near the bottom of the magma chamber, or they might remelt because the lower part is likely to be hotter than the upper part (remember, from Chapter 1, that temperatures increase steadily with depth in Earth because of the geothermal gradient). This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure. The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. _________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. B) The magma was rich in volatiles (like water) which aided in fast crystallization of large, but few numbers of crystals. b. What is the name of the process by which minerals crystallize and settle out of a melt? User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. C) highly fluid, cools quickly Classification of Igneous Rock Series. D) granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma A. Pyroxene - amphibole - olivine - biotite Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. solid and pinstriped Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. CC BY. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. As a volcanos magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. Why? A) diorite; intrusive rock that formed from the cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma 1. granite In 1912, Norman Levi Bowenhe joined the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., where he carried out groundbreaking experimental research into the processes of cooling magmas. = 2 5/20 Note that these 8 elements make up about 99 percent of the Earth's crust. D) The rock contains broken fragments and is volcanic in origin. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. D) Both a. and c. Igneous rocks contain information about how they originate. Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. C) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. D. ocean ridge volcanoes When located beneath the ocean, these plumes, also known as hot spots, push magma onto the seafloor. 3. A 12-square-mile . Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. The method, in brief, was to melt the rock to a magma in a specially-made kiln, allow it to cool slowly to a specific temperature (allowing some minerals to form), and then quench it (cool it quickly) so that no new minerals form (only glass). What is magma? Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. C) Pegmatite Rocks that solidify from lava flows are typically finer grained than those that crystallize intrusively. C) Both of these. Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. A. Bowen's reaction process 1. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. These eight elements . If solid, obsidian. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? 3. decompression melting Magmas derived from crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Tephra fragments are named based on sizeash (<2 mm), lapilli (2-64 mm), and bombs or blocks (>64 mm). Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large stratovolcanoes. A) basaltic, gabbroic As it cools further, much of the remaining silica goes into calcium-rich plagioclase, and any silica left may be used to convert some of the olivine to pyroxene. The presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. B. quartz A) andesitic The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. Salt Lake Community College via OpenGeology. The rate of cooling determines the rock's texture, or size of the mineral's crystals. C. basalt 7.1 Magma and How It Forms. B) amount of space available for crystals to fill A. quartz and pyroxene (The values are similar to those shown in Figure 3.3.4.). Figure 3.3.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle. A) solid + gas A) the lava after it erupted from a crystallizing magma chamber D) komatiite C. heat expansion of the chemical bonds causes them to break Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. Typical felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite (Figure 3.3.5). The dikes may be intruding over millions of years, but since they may be made of similar material, they would be appearing to be formed at the same time. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. A. crystal settling Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. A purely descriptive definition is that a rock is - A naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and other solid material. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that allow light to pass through them so that rocks may be examined using a microscope. Haydn's opus 33 string quartets were first performed for Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. = 45/20 C) intermediate - the intermediate range composition magma makes for strato volcanoes that are mostly passive erupting Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize? Magma that has cooled into a solid is called igneous rock. B. Olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite Explanation: Advertisement A) the rock's texture Which of the following best describes an aphanitic texture? It can be found in the right below a or within the . There are 3 main agents that cause metamorphism. B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. E. pumice, On a global basis, most of the world's magma is generated in which part of the Earth? A) Basalt The different colors are unique minerals. A) highly viscous, cools slowly 2. What is a likely reason for this phaneritic texture? An extreme version of scoria occurs when volatile-rich lava is very quickly quenched and becomes a meringue-like froth of glass called pumice. F, During this stage of rsum review, employers use the rsum to guide interview questions: D) rhyolitic, What type of composition would result in a magma if basaltic and granitic composition magma were mixed completely at a 1 to 3 ratio? One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. Which of the following describes best the difference between magma and lava? Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. Sills are another type of intrusive structure. E) rhyolite: extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. molten rock below Earths surface 1. andesite 4. volatiles, A heated crystalline solid most likely melts when ________. As the temperature continues to drop, olivine becomes unstable while pyroxene becomes stable. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. solid rock with a fine texture cooled rock with large crystals molten rock below Earth's surface flowing rock above Earth's surface 1 See answer Advertisement Advertisement jjrudolf8 jjrudolf8 Answer: C. molten rock below Earth's surface. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. D) the rock's density, The most important factor affecting the texture of an igneous rock is ________. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). 1. diorite and gabbro This lava cools into basalt, a rock that is heavy and dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium levels. C. aphanitic or glassy texture What is the most important factor for whether a magma cools slowly or quickly? D. andesite Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. Magma is a molten and semi- molten rock mixture found under the surface of the Earth. C) solid + melt E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? These volcanic mounds can grow into volcanic islands over millions of years of activity. Working mostly with basaltic magmas, he determined the order of crystallization of minerals as the temperature drops. FALSE. A. granite Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. Flux MeltingFlux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). B) highly fluid, cools slowly Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. C) number of ions B) mineral composition Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. The cracks, called fissures or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. D. all of the above. 2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms, 4.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions, 5.3 The Products of Weathering and Erosion, 6.3 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins, 7.5 Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Processes, 9.1 Understanding Earth Through Seismology, 10.1 Alfred Wegener: The Father of Plate Tectonics, 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century, 10.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century, 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes, 11.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties, 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability, 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting, 21.2 Western Canada during the Precambrian, 22.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars, Appendix 1: List of Geologically Important Elements and the Periodic Table. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. C) granite A. both quartz and muscovite Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. 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These rocks are rare on the surface, but make up peridotite, the rock of the upper mantle. LAVA - magma that reaches the Earth's surface before cooling (most gasses have escaped). D. plate tectonics, Match the appropriate term associated with the production of magma to its best description. E. crystal settling. Peacock, M. A. B) the rock's likely parent magma composition For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. A) Upon eruption, magma becomes "lava," the form of the magma that flows out of the volcano. Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? 3. diorite If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. B. an increase in heat (high temperature) Coarse-grained textures generally indicate magmas that slowly cooled deep underground. Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. C) the rock's color B) Each vesicle was filled by a crystal when the lava was mostly solid, and the crystals fell out later. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. C. biotite Commonly even very felsic rocks will not have biotite or muscovite because they may not have enough aluminum or enough hydrogen to make the OH complexes that are necessary for mica minerals. 2. granite and granodiorite The cooling behaviour of intermediate magmas lie somewhere between those of mafic and felsic magmas. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. D) considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. D) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of the same composition, but different texture. It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. Plutons can include dikes and xenoliths. The rock that results from this is an igneous rock from the Latin word ignis, meaning "fire." In either of these situations, the magma that has moved toward the surface is likely to cool much faster than it did within the magma chamber, and the rest of the rock will have a finer crystalline texture. The rock then cools into new crust. St. Helens volcano, Washington state Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase.
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