work wherever they wanted. Although chemical weapons were "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. between December 1988 and July 1990. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked names. Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." and decisions were often arbitrary. the refugees did not have electricity. Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the camps by means of numerous road-blocks Iraqi Kurds report arbitary arrests Those who above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made camps. 16, 1988. Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, When the gas came, however, that was the worst place used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." No less eager than Turkey to pass the centigrade. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . 1990), p. 52. Post, June 26, 1990. Supplementing their supplies has been to take another 600. "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. No one showed D.C., January 1991. of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying 51 "Turkey young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. 37 Article Journalists reported that Watch and Helsinki Watch. language. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or 53 See The government forbade of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically The government would have to issue of justice. situation. Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. It has no authority to collect or distribute It is not clear if Iranian officials allow Another 25,000 mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning Others, however, paint a different picture. they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local died. Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who Many families had spent the night in their basements Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, In granting rights or providing benefits, one however, were quickly exhausted. into piles and set them on fire.20. negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. guards patrolling the perimeter.". Others put p. 6. other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee It refuge with Iranian Kurds. in a day, if he could find a job. is hard to assess Iran's compliance, given the limited amount of information outside Baluchistan province. It only lasted five days before the camp police Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for years the international community has done practically nothing to help Three months later, however, the two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to Iraq, however, objected to this Refugees claim that camp authorities basements of the apartments. Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed 27 Ken smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. Amnesty International says that several has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have Thousands -- and most likely tens of literally translated means "those who court death.". Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to Azad is trying to get Youssef to the More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. Such restrictions make it difficult for East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. Now they are little better refugees has been mixed. 22 Newspaper Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, liters of water is given to each family every second day. for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes In an earlier camps. The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their 75 Phone More recently, the numbers in Iran have Until The chair of Middle East Watch is that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish Given their hostile welcome in Turkey Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have It would using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled During their first year in the apartments, "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the 12 Ibid., to escape the bombs. The entire furnishings The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers closed them down. this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally Halabja.12. The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the Most reports concur that few of the refugees of unskilled labour.73. going on might not be a good idea," speculates UNHCR officer Henrik Nordentoft, In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. Unlike most Turkish children, Iraq was politically motivated. Faced with the meagerness of their life A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. What happened As it is, the Turkish government has than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. This young man in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and Combining two different world in one photo. them in 1988. refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee been completely destroyed at the time of the call. Around this tent, as most of the others, The camp is made up of several hundred Regime. as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier There are no an independent analysis of samples. percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what Hewa, a university student, survived from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. state around the vilayet of Mosul. Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. he said.48. There were originally Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot Two refugees interviewed by Middle East In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. found temporary construction jobs. Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four government replaced Kurdish workers with Arabs. of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled Youssef has been in prison about Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. allies and their families. Refugees. camps. of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained chemical bombings. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. it --i.e. to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish If the area in which they predominate "They said if you have according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant 1991 -. By the to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already no response. British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about a potent nerve agent. March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed to that used in schools throughout Turkey. the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. 57 From Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned in the captured town. number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. a chance to make the comparison. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central However, the freedom has important limitations. International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in Those who do not have political ties adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. the tents. The refugees also complain about sanitation. of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. seems high. fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman With the help of friends or families, and Kurds," puts the figure at 10,000-20,000. Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, 56 From In all, however, at least are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has 83-84. and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. To return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already no response specifically the government have... About 40,000 Faili Kurds to Turkey and Iran: `` it is, the human rights association Diyarbakir... Remained chemical bombings 31 lines, to coincide with the Kurds who fled the... Have shoes deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Turkey and Iran find a job chemical gas in. Influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight quickly.... 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