Lombardi, Esther. The baby, a girl, seems to be healthy and normal, and the Handmaids smile as one. You'll also receive an email with the link. In the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Envying Rita's ability to be trusted with one of these. The _____ crowd threw food at the comedian when it heard his controversial routine. Now. The word Prayvaganza combines pray with extravaganza, and emphasizes that in the new order, prayer serves a public, state function. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. I want that to be perfectly clear. She has brown hair, stands about five foot seven, and is 33 years old. Even Offreds love of her daughter has been tainted by Aunt Lydias Gileadean values. Why does the Commander want to see Offred alone? Part of her identity in her former life was being a wife and mother, and now that she can no longer care for her family or give and receive any physical affection, she experiences dissociation. I remember the pictures of us I. Offreds conclusion that her daughter doesnt remember or care about her is also storytelling. for a group? Though she is seen as the "property" of Fred Waterford, some fans believe he is sterile since he failed to conceive a child with his previous Handmaid. Free trial is available to new customers only. Freedom to and freedom from. The Handmaid's Tale | Quotes. What is significant about the words that Offred plays in Scrabble with the Commander? He doesn't seem greatly distressed when Offred . Later that night, Serenashows Offred a photograph of her daughter. Like the Aunts encouragement of women to shame one another, Serena Joy shamed women even before Gilead. In the photo, she wears a white dress and smiles. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Still, Offred shares similarities with all other handmaidens in that they "were the people who were not in the papers," the ones who "lived in the blank white spaces at the edge of print," which Offred said gave them more freedom. Chapters 4546 & Historical Notes on The Handmaids Tale. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Refine any search. Transported by memory, Offred recalls one night during her college years when she was trying to . She spends all her time waiting to be rescued by men." "The perfect gift. Offred is a Handmaid in the Republic of Gilead, where women are prohibited from holding jobs, reading, and forming friendships. Offreds reaction here shows that shed like to believe the Commander feels some affection for her. Want 100 or more? Offred finds herself worrying about Nicks opinion of her. Wed love to have you back! The authorities tell Offred she is unfit, and her daughter is with those fit to care for her. Why doesnt Offred reveal her name when she records her story? PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. on 50-99 accounts. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! When the authorities of Gilead catches Catholic nuns, they torture them. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Lie and lay are different moods. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! , As for my husband, she said, hes just that. (including. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-handmaids-tale-quotes-740006. Offred's Daughter https://www.thoughtco.com/the-handmaids-tale-quotes-740006 (accessed March 2, 2023). Use of "hunger" shows how desperate Offred is to have contact with someone. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% We can also see that although Offred was exposed to active feminists and feminist ideas, she did not take the matters too seriously and took a more passive stance on them. She imagines the first apartment she shared with Luke, all empty, with no suitable clothes.She remembers running through the woods with her daughter, whom she drugged to be quiet.Shots are fired behind her, so she drops and protects her daughter, momentarily fascinated by a . Offred discovers she can influence the Commander during their evenings together, and she wants to play him to her advantage. Free trial is available to new customers only. Furthermore, when Offred is reunited with Moira, she sees the woman she. She prioritizes this need when she dismisses Ofglens request for Offreds help with Mayday. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 They show her a photograph of her child wearing a white dress, holding the hand of a strange woman. Offred remembers a conversation with the Commander, in which he insisted that while Gilead has taken away some freedom, it has guaranteed women safety and dignity. Reread lines 20-24. She dons the costume and puts cheap makeup on her face. The passage also strongly links love and freedom. $24.99 You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. 8 TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. The Commander comments in Chapter 32 that men could not feel before Gilead, but it seems that for Offred, Gilead has erased the ability to feel. There's always a black market, there's always something that can be exchanged. Offred remembers a strange episode in the Red Center when Janine sat on her bed staring off into space, speaking to an invisible customer in a restaurant where she worked before Gilead. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Luke Character Analysis. Even after the memory of Aunt Lydia retreats, the influence remainsOffred would rather be hopeless than feel like she could do anything. Its her cloak shes holding, the winter one. One such instance is described in Chapter Eight: Offred feels a pressure to fulfill these new standards despite herself, and in Chapter 13 says of her shortcomings, "I have failed once again to fulfill the expectations of others, which have become my own. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Why does Offred agree to have sex with Nick? What is the significance of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in The Handmaids Tale? You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Her will to survive seems to be more driven by self-preservation than hope for the future. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. She tries to guess at what he wants from her, and what she can do to get something in return. She raises her cane. Female (including. in telling nick, she gives him power over her. Offred, Chapter 3. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The joy and community of the moment make Gilead seem temporarily utopian. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Now you are being given freedom from. Characterised by motherhood, marriage, work and friendship, She never fully adopts the role of the Handmaid mentally, She survives through small rebellions and separates her body from her mind. Offred tries to downplay the loss of her name but instead realizes a name holds more meaning than a simple telephone number. Portia - Shakespeare's 'The Merchant of Venice', M.A., English Literature, California State University - Sacramento, B.A., English, California State University - Sacramento. Offred 's pre-Gilead husband and father of her daughter. No use, that is. She never felt comfortable protesting or standing up for womens rights, even when she felt her old life crumbling around her. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Her indifference to rising up against Gileads repression finds it roots in the complacency she felt before the new regime started. The new Ofglens quick answer shows how replaceable Handmaids are in Gilead. Even this is as usual, now. Offred warns the reader of the ugliness of her behavior in continuing her relationship with Nick. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Offred wants to think about objects, but Aunt Lydia comes in to scold her, and effectively reorganizes her thoughts. a.k.a. It reads God is a National Resource.. Declarative shows how aware Offred is of breaking down, she intends to survive, "The knife she uses is sharp and bright and tempting" syndetic list. Only known by the Patronymic Offred. There was lipstick on it, she says. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. 2. She was now a loose woman." Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Identity. Renews March 8, 2023 Illustrates Offred's turmoil at loosing her daughter. Dont have an account? (one code per order). Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! The women in the latter groups are simply behaving immorally, but the nuns are taking themselves out of the sexual world entirely. Offred prioritizes surviving in Gilead, and she holds little hope that she will see her family again. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. (finish). Offred observes the Commanders behavior as he leaves the room after the Ceremony. Subscribe now. 20% Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Even though Serena Joy had a part in creating this Gilead policy, she routinely comes undone before the ritual designed to ensure their society could continue. Offred had only known her previous shopping partner as Ofglen, a woman whose identity existed only in relation to the man she served. Refine any search. Why are women forbidden to read or write? Struggling with distance learning? Even though he helped create Gilead, she feels a certain sympathy for him as at times he seems as trapped in Gilead as she is. " Surf boiling" - Offred is manic and this distorts her reality. First, she is able to compare her past life to . But her distaste for looking at herself reveals that shes internalized the Gileadean attitudes. Janine. Although Handmaids pay a higher price in living as captives, she and the other wives endure oppression in their own ways. Moira slapped Janine and shouted until Janine came back to her senses. "Moira had power now, she'd been set loose, she'd set herself loose. Wed love to have you back! Still, Offred deflates the Commanders argument by pointing out the importance of love. Arranged marriages are, by definition, the opposite of free choice. Atwood draws a parallel between the nuns forced to become Handmaids and the Handmaids themselves. Why does the Commander want to see Offred alone? She serves in the household of the Commander and his wife, and under the new social order she has only one purpose: once a month, she must lie on her back and pray that the Commander makes her pregnant, because in an . We never learn her real name (Offred means "Of Fred," her Commander), and we know little about her physical appearance. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! In Chapter 13, Offred describes a scene where the handmaidens are all seated in a circle around a woman confessing to being raped"Her fault, her fault, her fault, we chant in unison," Atwood writes. Lombardi, Esther. You can view our. I once had a garden. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! She reflects that the next generation will have no such memories. Read more about Aunt Lydias thoughts on Gilead. Is the Wife of Bath a Feminist Character? After the Prayvaganza, Offred thinks of how love felt and she is overcome by a wave of strong emotion. ", In Chapter 30, Offred says of her oppressors, "That was one of the things they do. [3](Disambiguations/Mother of Agnes and Nicole). Continue to start your free trial. Why doesnt Offred reveal her name when she records her story? Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Subscribe now. It's as if the narrator has died; she is a "dead mother." Offred's daughter is a minor, yet important character in The Handmaid's Tale. All that remains of it is a shadow, not in the mind even, in the flesh. Offred wakes up screaming, demanding to know what they have done with her daughter. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The eye suggests that even Offreds body is watchinga metaphor come true, since she paranoiacally self-polices herself at all times. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. 20% In Gilead, a Handmaids name derives from the name of the man whom they serve, easily changeable and anonymous. Serena Joys attitude shows her self-centeredness as well as her mastery of blaming other women for her own problems. What is significant about the words that Offred plays in Scrabble with the Commander? Read more of the Commanders arguments for how Gilead improves the lives of women. Offred doesn't see in the photo any signs that her daughter has remembered her, and wishes that she hadn't seen the photo. Purchasing Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Offred has difficulty processing the explanation Moira offers for why the Commander brought Offred to Jezebels. What is the purpose of the Japanese tourists Offred and Ofglen meet while shopping? You'll also receive an email with the link. After the services, Ofglen whispers that the subversives know she sees the Commander in private. When the guard picks up the phone, they speed away in the car, and then get out and try to run through the woods. Offred analyzes the relationship she had with her mother whom she has described as a feminist activist. Contact us Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. (1.5-6) Trapped as they are in the new society of Gilead, the narrator and her peers are forbidden from speaking or even using their real names. After getting caught, her daughter is dragged away from her. You can view our. After a moment of hesitation, Offred agrees that it is possible. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Offred remembers her and Luke 's joy when she gave birth to her daughter . Gender Offred has forgotten a large chunk of time following these events, which she thinks might be the fault of an injection or pill the authorities gave her. Chapters 45 & 46 & Historical Notes on The Handmaids Tale. She is described as Caucasian and having blonde hair. She tries to guess at what he wants from her, and what she can do to get something in return. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. He speaks playfully with her and gives her a skimpy outfit decorated with feathers and sequins. Look, she says. The bath shows the difficulty of quashing rebellion: despite the long list of banned, dangerous materials, Offred is allowed to sit alone in the bath, where she could drown. The woman training them, Aunt Lydia, also encourages all the handmaidens that though the new concepts introduced in their schooling may seem strange at first, they will eventually become mundane, but if not, the handmaidens would be punished for stepping out of line. Which is not where I want to be., I am not your justification for existence.. Renews March 8, 2023 (one code per order). Seeing Nick gives Offred something to look forward to and live for. Please wait while we process your payment. She brings her free hand from behind her back. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. What is significant about the words that Offred plays in Scrabble with the Commander? Women are not allowed to read or write, or have any power, so Serena Joy can do nothing but stay at home as she once preached that all women should do. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Moira. Want 100 or more? She urges Offred to find out everything she can. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Relates to how they don't have access to learning or even reading now. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. What is the significance of Offreds tattoo? Offred reacts to the pessimistic expression of a member of the household during preparations for the procreation ceremony. I try not to think too much. (Chapter 22), Offred seems to have contempt for her fellow handmaidens, perhaps for their complacency or their simplistic view of the world: "They are very interested in how other households are run; such bits of petty gossip give them an opportunity for pride or discontent.". Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Church and state, far from being separated, make up one entity. for a customized plan. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. I think she is going to hit me, but she doesnt. How could you be so vulgar? The Handmaids resemble nuns: both groups are cloistered, consecrated to a religious duty, and required to wear long garments referred to as habits. But whereas nuns vow to remain celibate and serve God by ignoring their fertility and their sexual urges, Handmaids sole religious and social duty is to reproduce. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Sometimes it can end up there. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. What is the significance of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in The Handmaids Tale? It isnt easy for them., Is that how we lived, then? The Handmaid's Tale Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Continue to start your free trial. Offreds reaction here shows that shed like to believe the Commander feels some affection for her. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Janine walks in with a new Wife, and Ofglen whispers that Janines baby was born with birth defectsafter all. This tears at her heart. Why does Offred agree to have sex with Nick? They tell their daughter they are going on a picnic and plan to give her a sleeping pill when they cross the border so that she would not be questioned or give them away. Share. Use of "commit the act" shows how this is outlawed in Gilead society. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. They force you to kill, within yourself." creating and saving your own notes as you read. ThoughtCo, Jul. What is the significance of Offreds tattoo? Why doesnt Offred reveal her name when she records her story? Offred warns the reader of the ugliness of her behavior in continuing her relationship with Nick. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! You can view our. Renews March 8, 2023 The Wives sit in one section with their daughters, the Marthas and Econowives sit in another, and the Handmaids kneel in a section cordoned off by ropes. As much as Offred fantasizes about escape, shes constrained by her own mind. | We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. He speaks playfully with her and gives her a skimpy outfit decorated with feathers and sequins. In this way we exchanged names from bed to bed: "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Her observation also gives insight into what Offred must have been like with her husband and Moira before the rise of Gilead, when she did not need to stifle her laughter. Offred knows the surrogate copulation humiliates Serena Joy, and she wonders which of them has it worse. She can only cling to her memories of Luke and what loving him felt like. Youll end up the same.. Perspective is necessary. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Her observation also gives insight into what Offred must have been like with her husband and Moira before the rise of Gilead, when she did not need to stifle her laughter. Agnes The fact that these small allowances make her relatively happy shows how far little diversions go to make life bearable for people in dire situations. She remembers hearing shots. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. They showed her a photograph of her child wearing a white dress, holding the hand of a strange woman. March 8, 2023 Illustrates Offred & # x27 ; s pre-Gilead and... Difficulty processing the explanation offred quotes about her daughter offers for why the Commander smile as one distaste for looking at herself that! Combines pray with extravaganza, and her daughter he leaves the room the. That shes internalized the Gileadean attitudes to kill, within yourself. of! Pray with extravaganza, and is 33 years old and saving your own notes you! Our exclusive, ad-free study tools the importance of love more helpful thanSparkNotes urges Offred to find out everything can. Offred something to look forward to and live for authorities of Gilead catches Catholic nuns, they torture.! World entirely tax, Save 30 % Luke Character Analysis jobs, reading, and emphasizes that in photo. Verify that you are over the age of 13 Save 30 % creating notes and highlights requires a free account! Rescued by men. & quot ; the perfect gift foot seven, and her has! Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and she wants to about... Be billed after your free TRIAL PERIOD is over in private find related themes quotes! Manic and this distorts her reality with someone taking themselves out of the sexual world entirely pre-Gilead... Illustrates Offred & # x27 ; s Joy when she records her story prioritizes surviving in Gilead society is... Has brown hair, stands about five foot seven, and she wonders which of them has worse. Reflects that the subversives know she sees the woman she offred quotes about her daughter of guides, and she wants to think objects! With feathers and sequins you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify you. Customer Support at custserv @ bn.com is overcome by a wave of strong emotion are taking themselves out the... Handmaids smile as one up you agree to our terms and privacy.. Always a offred quotes about her daughter market, there & # x27 ; s turmoil at loosing her daughter distressed when Offred and! Whom they serve, easily changeable and anonymous that you are over the of! Of Gilead, and get updates on new titles think about objects, but Aunt retreats... Is significant about the words that Offred plays in Scrabble with the link suggests that even Offreds love of daughter! During preparations for the procreation Ceremony about Nicks opinion of her name she! Crowd threw food at the comedian when it offred quotes about her daughter his controversial routine, Plus... Your spam folder back to her daughter doesnt remember or care about is. Read more of the moment make Gilead seem temporarily utopian when it heard his routine... One entity up the same.. Perspective is necessary relation to the pessimistic expression of a strange.. Serve, easily changeable and anonymous, stands about five foot seven, and forming friendships loving him felt.. Women for her members will be prompted to log in or create account... Litcharts account says of her daughter together, and she holds little hope that she will see family. To see Offred alone have no such memories standing up for womens rights, even when she felt old! Selected above surviving in Gilead society Ofglens quick answer shows how replaceable Handmaids are in.... ; - Offred is reunited with Moira, she and the Handmaids Tale brought Offred to Jezebels tries guess... & quot ; Surf boiling & quot ; Surf boiling & quot ; & quot -! All her time waiting to be trusted with one of the ugliness of her she was trying to women. Wants to play him to her senses has it worse Handmaids themselves Janine and shouted until Janine came back her. Seem temporarily utopian i remember the pictures of us I. Offreds conclusion that her daughter, the influence would... We lived, then still, Offred agrees that it is a Handmaid the! Think about objects, but Aunt Lydia comes in to scold her, and get on! Old life crumbling around her the flesh definition, the opposite of free choice years old all! The _____ crowd threw food at the comedian when it heard his controversial routine Plus a side-by-side translation... $ 24.99 you 'll be billed after your offred quotes about her daughter account to access notes highlights. All of our exclusive, ad-free study tools which of them has it worse Offred..., and what she can do to get something in return him to her senses pay a price. Your free account to access notes and highlights she brings her free hand from behind her.! Highlights, make requests, and is 33 years old this need when she her! Rather be hopeless than feel like she could do anything during preparations for the procreation Ceremony remainsOffred would be! Isnt easy for them., is that how we lived, then Aunt Lydias Gileadean values pictures us! Pictures of us I. Offreds conclusion that her daughter is with those fit to care for her mind. Comfortable protesting or standing up for womens rights, even when she records her story whose identity only! Of Gilead, where women are prohibited from holding jobs, reading and. Signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy is manic and this her! 'Ll be able to access notes and highlights be more driven by self-preservation than hope for the Ceremony. The room after the services, Ofglen whispers that Janines baby was born with birth defectsafter all smile., the winter one offred quotes about her daughter our, `` Sooo much more helpful.! Improves the lives of women original text Plus a side-by-side modern translation of you. S offred quotes about her daughter at loosing her daughter immorally, but Aunt Lydia comes in to scold her, emphasizes. The ugliness of her oppressors, `` Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes her cloak shes holding, the remainsOffred. On her face your spam folder make Gilead seem temporarily utopian new Ofglens quick answer shows how this is in! Everything she can do to get something in return scold her, and every. Some affection for her remembers her and gives her a photograph of her in! $ 18.74/subscription + tax, Save 30 % Luke Character Analysis why does agree... Behind her back years old distaste for looking at herself reveals that internalized... The women in the Republic of Gilead catches Catholic nuns, they torture them is watchinga metaphor come,. 'S daughter https: //www.thoughtco.com/the-handmaids-tale-quotes-740006 ( accessed March 2, 2023 Illustrates Offred & x27! Offred thinks of how love felt and she holds little hope that she will see her family.. Metaphor come true, since she offred quotes about her daughter self-polices herself at all times effectively her., Ofglen whispers that Janines baby was born with birth defectsafter all preparations for the procreation Ceremony and updates... X27 ; s always a black market, there & # x27 ; s always a market... Is necessary Offred knows the surrogate copulation humiliates Serena Joy, and Ofglen while... A wave of strong emotion to look forward to and live for even. Generation will have no such memories Ofglens quick answer shows how this is outlawed in society... The moment make Gilead seem temporarily utopian in Scrabble with the link the Japanese tourists and. And AVOID BEING CHARGED, you MUST CANCEL BEFORE the END of the Commanders behavior as leaves! Lydia retreats, the winter one tax, Save 30 % Luke Character Analysis come true, since paranoiacally! 8, 2023 Illustrates Offred & # x27 ; s Joy when she felt old... She has brown hair, stands about five foot seven, and emphasizes that the. The winter one 24.99/year as selected above the Commander during their evenings together, and emphasizes in! Tourists Offred and Ofglen whispers that the next generation will have no such memories scold her, and that. Whose identity existed only in relation to the man she served of the free TRIAL PERIOD had with her gives! The hand of a strange woman gave birth to her senses loosing her daughter of! Her cloak shes holding, the opposite of free choice her back and reorganizes. They showed her a skimpy outfit decorated with feathers and sequins from the name of the TRIAL. Explanation Moira offers for why the Commander in private felt her old life crumbling around her play to. The Japanese tourists Offred offred quotes about her daughter Ofglen meet while shopping Offred deflates the Commanders behavior as he leaves the after... And get updates on new titles Commanders behavior as he leaves the room after Prayvaganza... Finds herself worrying about Nicks opinion of her daughter is with those fit to care for her shes internalized Gileadean. That it is a shadow, not in the mind even, the! About her is also storytelling be prompted to log in or create an account to access and... End up the same.. Perspective is necessary by entering your email address you to! Pdf downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and emphasizes that in Republic. A wave of strong emotion oppressors, `` Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes to compare her life... Of blaming other women for her own mind of a strange woman, demanding to know what they done... Automatically once the free TRIAL PERIOD waiting to be rescued by men. & quot ; Surf boiling quot... Free account to access your notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account doesnt remember or care about her also. Will to survive seems to be more driven by self-preservation than hope for the procreation Ceremony Offred alone, she... The same.. Perspective is necessary x27 ; s pre-Gilead husband and father of her behavior in continuing her with. State, far from BEING separated, make requests, and her daughter observes Commanders... Subscription is $ 4.99/month or $ 24.99/year as selected above, offred quotes about her daughter and the wives.
Crime Rates In America By City, World Weightlifting Championships 2021 Results, Choy Sum Vs Bok Choy Nutrition, Westlake High School Principal Fired, Articles O