Eventually An Lushan was made governor of three major frontier provinces in the northeast, giving him control of the eastern half of Chinas frontier, and putting him in control of 40 percent of the Tang forces. Returning to complete the conquest of China, the Jin dynasty would be ended in 1234, followed by the Song in 1279 whereupon Kublai Khan proclaimed himself the Yuan Emperor. Originally a secret member of the Golden Turtles, the Chinese branch of the Order of the Ancients, his bitter feud with Yang Guozhong over leadership of the Golden Turtles spilled out into court Yang Guozhong made repeated accusation against An to Emperor Xuanzong that he was plotting a rebellion, but the accusation were dismissed by Emperor Xuanzong. On An's birthday, 20 February 751,[34] Emperor Xuanzong and Consort Yang awarded him with clothing, treasures, and food. However, the cost of the war rendered Wei vulnerable to external incursion and was itself defeated in 266 by the Jin. [35], Late in 751, An launched a major attack against the Khitan, advancing quickly to the heart of Khitan territory, but, hampered by rains, was defeated by the Khitan, and the general He Side () was killed. In total, across more than a century of warfare the Mongols are believed to have been directly responsible for the deaths of 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 people, in addition to displacing hundreds of millions and indirectly causing the calamitous Black Plague in Europe. Yang then attacked some of An's staff and associates, including having the mayor of Jingzhao arrest An's friend Li Chao () and others, and executing them secretly. [40], Once he had assumed the imperial title, An Lushan spent most of his time inside the Luoyang palace. Following many years of political turmoil in Eurasia, all seemed to calm down with the rise and expansion of the Tang Dynasty in China. He captured the eastern capital city of Loyang (Luoyang), declared himself Emperor of the new Great Yan dynasty (), and launched the An Shi Rebellion (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: n Sh Zh Lun). Pivoting to the West after the execution of his ambassadors by the Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis invaded Khwarezmia in 1919; taking just two years to conquer the Central Asian nation, the Mongols slaughtered at least 25% of the local population who suffered approximately 2,000,000 fatalities. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. [11] He rose to military prominence by defending the northeastern Tang frontier from the Khitans and other threats. He escaped from the city and joined the Tang army as a mercenary. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, Soviet Union & Post-Soviet States | Modern Central Asia. Where do we find this stuff? The Dungan On 23 February, when An was summoned to the palace, Consort Yang, in order to please Emperor Xuanzong, had an extra-large infant wrapping made, and wrapped An in it, causing much explosion of laughter among the ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs. Between 4 oz. An Lushan Rebellion The An Lushan Rebellion was a rebellion against the Tang Dynasty of China between 755 A.D. and 763 A.D. In 741, when the deputy chief imperial censor Zhang Lizhen () was sent to survey the Hebei (, i.e., the region north of the Yellow River) and visited Pinglu Army, An ingratiated himself with Zhang, so much so that he even bribed Zhang's servants. An Lushan therefore took the name of An. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace it with the Yan Establishing the new capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan, in 1522 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V proclaimed Corts captain-general of New Spain as a reward for his services and genocide. Faced with the threat of divided loyalties, on January 1, 1851, the Qing Green Standard Army attacked the God Worshiping Society at Jintian; in response to this provocation, Hong proclaimed himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace and sent forth his armies against the Qing. WebThe death toll of the rebellion according to various sources (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#AnLushan), including suppression and famine, is estimated to be about 36 million. Forced to flee after some of his men attacked and killed much of the Aztec nobility in the Massacre in the Great Temple, Corts would return in 1521 to complete his conquest. COVID-19 (Death Toll Estimate: 6 Million) By this time, he was even more obese than before, and Emperor Xuanzong, on one occasion, jokingly asked him, "What does this barbaric belly contain?" For the next 144 years, the Tang ceased to exist in all but name, a far cry from its glorious days under Emperors Taizong and Xuanzong. The time of the Three Kingdoms is widely regarded as one of, if not the, bloodiest in Chinese history. The Taiping, swarmed throughout the imperial provinces, capturing vast swathes of territory from the Qing. However, victory for the Yan dynasty would be short-lived for in January 757 An Lushan was murdered by his son, An Qingxu; in turn, An Qingxu was killed by General Shi Siming, who was then himself murdered by his own son, Shi Chaoyi to become emperor. Roman Republic vs. Samnites. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. Despite concluding in the unconditional surrender of the Axis to the Allies, tensions did not abate; instead, the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as rival superpowers merely provided the foundations for the half-century Cold War that was to follow. Starting with the invasion of Western Xia, by 1209 the victorious Mongol hordes descended upon their ancient enemy: China. Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com. An Lushan's mother was a Gktrk of the Ashide clan and served as a sorceress. In 757, An Lushan was murdered by his own son. This period of intense instability opened the way for the Tang to regroup and form a united opposition to the rebellion. The death toll affected the Tang Pulleyblank, Oxford University Press (1955), Mexico and the Spanish Conquest, Ross Hassig, Longman (1994), Imperial China, Raymond Dawson, Hutchinson (1972), Gods Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan, Jonathan Spence, W.W. Norton (1996), The Mongol Conquests in World History, Timothy May, Reaktion Books (2012), The History of the Mongol Conquests, J.J. Saunders (2011), The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD, Rafe de Crespigny, East Asian History (1991), The Second World War, Antony Beevor, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2012), The Second World War, Winston Churchill, Houghton Mifflin (1948-1953), England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075-1225, R. Bartlett, in New Oxford History of England, J.M. On the way, at a small village, Mawei Station, prompted by general Chen Xuanli who believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked this rebellion, the imperial guards assassinated Yang Guozhong, and demanded the death of Yang Guifei, to which the Emperor reluctantly consented. Then, after taking the throne, An Qingxu reported that An Lushan had died. 343 BC290 BC. Feng joined forces with Gao and urged a retreat to Tong Pass; Gao agreed, and they took up defensive positions there, and An did not proceed quickly, but remained at Luoyang, planning to declare himself emperor there. The Tang dynasty began with the victorious The An Lushan revolt, also called the An-Shi rebellion, occurred in China from 755 to 763 AD. Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The An Lushan Rebellion and the Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T'ang China," in Perry, John Curtis, and Bardwell L. Smith. Few historical events have caused as much death and destruction as the World Wars. Before the revolt, estimates put the population within the city walls at from 800,0001,000,000. The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also significant associated After the Russian Revolution was over, three key Russian leaders emerged: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin. This seemingly large figure was merely a shadow of the population during the preceding Han dynasty, under which 10,677,960 households included at least 56,486,856 individuals a decline of more than 40,000,000 over the hundred year conflict. Hearing news of Chang'an's fall, Guo and Li Guangbi withdrew to Lingwu, allowing Shi to again pacify the region north of the Yellow River and east of the Taihang Mountains with exception of pockets held by Yan Zhenqing and other Tang officials under his command. Rebellious general An Lushan declared a rivaling Yan Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong responded, "He is the reserve emperor. The veracity of this statistic was put to historians Frances Wood, Naomi Standen, and Hilde de Weerdt, and while they do explain why it's wrong, I should note that their first response is to treat the statistic as (rightly) laughable. He executed An Qingzong and An's first wife Lady Kang, and forced An Qingzong's present wife, Lady Rongyi, to take her own life. An Lushan Rebellion (Death Toll Estimate: 36 Million) 11. The rebellion was originally led by An Lushan, a general officer of the Tang military system. WebChina (Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhnggu), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC; Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhnghu Rnmn Gnghgu), is a country in East Asia. The An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 AD) occurred when An Lushan, a In the interim years, the Mongols, under the leadership of gedei Khan, invaded Eastern Europe, defeating Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Serbia, in addition to solidifying control over the Middle East after the sack of Baghdad in 1258. The name An Lushan is the Sinicized version of the name An Rokhan. The long and short is no: the An Lushan Rebellion did not kill a major percentage of the Earth's population. By 763, Tang forces had allied with Turkic troops and ended the rebellion. Ordering a preemptive strike against his hosts, the Spanish massacred the Aztec inhabitants of the holy city; estimates of those killed by the Spanish range from 3,000 to 30,000. Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater. So, the population before the revolution was Massive, and the population after the war was much lower. His generals rarely saw him, and most important matters were handled through Yan Zhuang ().[42]. Lady Kang, mother of Prince Qingxu (executed by, Six other sons, names unrecorded in history. The imperial officials were all apprehensive, because An had the strongest troops of the realm at the time, except for Yang, who believed that An could be suppressed easily. This means the rebellion of one general killed between 5% and 16% of all humans alive at the time. China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 different countries, the second most The rebellion of An Lushan (703-757), in Chinese known as the "rebellion of An [Lushan] and Shi [Siming]" ( An Shi zhi luan The American Civil War was not the bloodiest in history since Led by General An Lushan, the (This order was against the advice of Geshu, Guo, and Li Guangbi that the proper strategy was to secure Tong Pass and let Guo and Li Guangbi capture the Yan territory to the north.) Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater. He later settled in Ying Prefecture (, roughly modern Chaoyang, Liaoning). However, this figure is contested for various reasons, and scholars attribute part of the "deaths" (the count being derived from the difference in population according to the Tang census before and afte Yeah, it's really unknowable, which is the trend the further back you go in history. Estimating casualties is difficult; some place the death toll as high as 36 million, [1] In 744, An Rokhan (An Lushan) was made the military governor of Fanyang Province (Hebei), (jiedushi) of Manchuria, by the High Chancellor Li lin-fu, who favored foreign generals because he feared that Chinese generals might usurp his authority at court. WebThe death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533, Luis Montero (c. 1867). Wikimedia Commons. The death toll is difficult to estimate, but An Lushan does not seem to have taken many prisoners. [2][7][18][19][20][21] The An are not to be confused with Anxi, which had been established as a prefecture by the Chinese in 661. Wang Wei, born in 699 A.D., served in the Tang court, but wrote many of his most famous poems from a Buddhist monastery, where he took up study following a rebellion that led to the death of his wife. Wang, instead, led the troops himself to Xiongwu in advance of the rendezvous date and, after participating in the building project, returned with the soldiers, and submitted reports to Emperor Xuanzong that he believed An was planning treason. Please be sure to Read Our Rules before you contribute to this community. The An Lushan Rebellion refers to a massive war that occurred in China on 16 December 755 AD. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. Roberts, Oxford University Press (2000), The Hundred Years War, Vol. WebThe Anshi Rebellion (Template:Zh-cp) occurred in China, during the Tang Dynasty, from 756 to 763.It is also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (), because An Lushan When An went to Chang'an later that year to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong, he presented Emperor Xuanzong with 8,000 Xi captives. In history, China still remains as one of the politically unstable countries during the early centuries. The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang Dynasty of China. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) represented one of the greatest periods of Chinese history. Zhang Shi was not able to even write one character in response to Emperor Xuanzong's reexamination. The two teams divided again into vast forces, and called themselves the Allies and the Axis. An Lushan (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: n Lshn) (703 - 757) was a military leader of Turkic-Sogdian origin during the Tang Dynasty in China. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! Seeking to take advantage of the element of surprise, An Lushans forces sought to hurriedly consolidate the north and invade the south. In 1644, after decades of famine, floods, and economic woes, the impasse was broken when the Ming suffered an internal rebellion led by Li Zicheng. An tried to fight back, but could not locate a sword that he had put under his bed. This allowed An Lushan to amass significant military power in northeast China. [36], In winter 755, An launched his rebellion on 16 December,[38] claiming he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xuanzong to advance on Chang'an to remove Yang. WebThe rebellion took an estimated 20 million lives, and the French and British eventually had to intervene to help the Qing restore order. At An's request, Emperor Xuanzong also gave him the governorship of Hedong Circuit (, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), in addition to Pinglu and Fanyang. Through Yangs patronage, An Lushan rose to prominence and was eventually made governor of three major frontier provinces in the northeast, giving him control of the eastern half of Chinas frontier, and putting him in control of 40 percent of the Tang forces. An agreed, and subsequently, with further corroboration from Li Linfu's son-in-law Yang Qixuan (), Li Linfu was posthumously dishonored, and his family members were exiled. Came for this. FOR SALE! Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fleeing to Sichuan province (c. 11th century). The family name An implied that he was from the city of Bukhara in Sogdiana, and Rokhan in the Sogdian language meant "light." The Russian Civil War was so bloody, in fact, that it holds the dubious world-record highest death toll from a civil war by Guinness World Records. At the conference, however, Geshu and An Lushan got into an argument, which only stopped after Gao gazed at Geshu, stopping him from responding to An Lushan's insults. Pemberontakan ini terjadi dari 16 Desember 755 hingga 17 Februari 763, dan jumlah kematian mencapai 36 juta, menjadikannya jumlah kematian akibat perang terbesar hingga Perang Dunia II . Morton, W. Scott, and Charlton M. Lewis. [citation needed], Emperor Xuanzong initially agreed, but after the edict was drafted, Xuanzong tabled it and instead sent the eunuch Fu Qiulin () to send fresh fruits to An and to observe himupon which An was alleged to bribe Fu into submitting a favorable report. As he was allowed to enter the palace, he asked that he become an adoptive son of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Yang Guifei, and Emperor Xuanzong agreed. In all, the war-related deaths numbered around 7-12 million people. In 751, Xuanzong had a magnificent mansion built for An in Chang'an, sparing no expense, using jade, gold, and silver in many different places. Zhang was set to execute An Lushan by caning, when An Lushan yelled out, "Is it that you, Lord, do not wish to destroy the two barbarian tribes? The Emperor even considered promoting An to be chancellor; however, Yang opposed this, and the promotion did not occur. An Rokhan grew up in a town in rmqi, and was working as a sartapo in the market when he was accused of sheep theft and sentenced to death. He created An Qingxu the Prince of Jin and another son, An Qinghe (), the Prince of Zheng. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. An Lushan, Wade-Giles romanization An Lu-shan, original surname Kang, imperial name Xiongwu, (born 703, Yingzhou [now Chaoyang, Liaoning province], The rebellion overtly began on December 16, 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on February 17, 763 (although In an effort to quickly establish peace after the Rebellion, the Tang dynasty pardoned many rebels, and put some of them in command of their own garrisons, eroding the authority of the central government. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. Population displacements and weakened bureucratic structure unable to properly register the households are likely culprits for much of the drop instead of it all being just due to the death toll. It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption, and what have you. [16] Meanwhile, Yan Zhenqing's cousin Yan Gaoqing (), who initially submitted to An, rose against An at Changshan Commandery (, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) but was quickly defeated and delivered to An in Luoyang; An executed him and sent An Qingxu to make an initial attack against Tong Pass, and Geshu Han repelled the attack. The An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace [37] However, this figure is contested for various reasons, and scholars attribute part of the "deaths" (the count being derived from the difference in population according to the Tang census before and after the rebellion) to a breakdown in Tang taxation and census gathering. In July 756 An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Changan, an event that had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Taiping Rebellion (Death Toll Estimate: 40 Million) The Taiping Rebellion in 1850 during Qing Dynasty was the reason behind the deaths of 40 million people. "[23][24] Edward H. Schafer, however, maintains that An Lushan is probably the Sinicized version of a name derived from Anxi ( "Parthia(n)") and the common Sogdian name Roxshan meaning "the Bright",[25][26][27] related to the Sogdian female name Roxana,[28] also borne by Alexander's Sogdian wife, Roxana. Gaining momentum, the Xian besieged Nanjing in May 1862; despite efforts to break the siege by the superior Taiping numbers, the Qing loyalists held firm. The rebellion overtly began on December 16, 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on February 17, 763 (although After the death of Li Linfu, his rivalry with General Geshu Han and Chancellor Yang Guozhong created military tensions within the empire. Zhang, seeing that he had a large body and impressed by his plea, released him and had him serve as a police officer, along with Shi, and both of them were said to be capable at catching criminals. An Lushan's forces were blocked from the main imperial capital at Chang'an by loyal troops placed in impregnable defensive positions in the intervening mountain passes, until Yang Guozhong, in a grossly inept military judgment, ordered the troops in the passes to attack An's army on open ground. Also surrendering to Yan forces were the former chancellor Chen Xilie and the key officials Zhang Jun () and Zhang Ji (), and An made Chen and Zhang Ji chancellors as well. The An Shi Rebellion is regarded as the beginning of the downfall of the Tang dynasty. Although not even close to the longest war in history, the consequences of World War II were both lasting and devastating. Drives me nuts. An reported this to Emperor Xuanzong, who ordered a retesting before him personally. Xuanzong, the Tang emperor also known as Ming Huan (enlghtened emperor), reigned from 713-756 and was patron to Wang Wei, Li Bo, and Du Fu. The Taiping Rebellion was a Chinese civil war that raged from 1850 to 1864, fought between the Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He was made the military governor of Fanyang Province (Hebei), (jiedushi) of Manchuria, and during frequent visits to the capital, became a personal favorite of Emperor Xuanzong and his beloved Consort, Yang Guifei. However, carrying the honorary title of deputy chief imperial censor () at this point, he was respectful of his colleague Wang Hong (), an associate of Li Linfu's, although initially not Li Linfuand therefore, on one occasion, Li Linfu intentionally summoned Wang Hong in An's presence, and when Wang Hong arrived, he was paying Li Linfu great respect, causing An to be surprised and apprehensive, and thereafter An carefully cultivated his relationship with Li Linfu as well. 10. Later in 754, An defeated Xi forces, capturing their chieftain Li Riyue (). The Tang dynasty began with the victorious At An's request, Emperor Xuanzong allowed him to award his soldiers with high ranks without first receiving imperial approval. 1978. sleeperul. An Lushan next set out to take the Tang capital and the rest of southern China before the Tang forces could recover. 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