The American alligator is capable of biting through a turtle's shell or a moderately sized mammal bone. [115] The female builds a nest of vegetation, sticks, leaves, and mud in a sheltered spot in or near the water. The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), sometimes referred to colloquially as a gator or common alligator, is a large crocodilian reptile native to the Southeastern United States. In 1908, a printer made a spur-of-the-moment decision to print an alligator emblem on a shipment of the school's football pennants. [53] There is also fluctuation in the level of bacterial taxa populations in the alligator's microbial community between seasons which helps the alligator cope with different rates of feeding and activity. Gators remain fully protected in North Carolina, unlike those in eight states from South Carolina to Arkansas and Texas, which allow hunting. [22], Water birds, such as herons and egrets, storks, waterfowl and large dabbling rails such as gallinules or coots, are taken when possible. Louisiana has the highest alligator population, approaching 2 million (alligatorfur.com) According to U.S. These states produce a combined annual total of some 45,000 alligator hides. This differs from Nile crocodiles, which lay their eggs in pits. Fossil alligatoroids have been found throughout Eurasia, because bridges across both the North Atlantic and the Bering Strait connected North America to Eurasia about 66 to 23 Mya. [53], When on land, an American alligator moves either by sprawling or walking, the latter involving the reptile lifting its belly off the ground. Unlike most other land vertebrates, American alligators increase their speed through the distal rather than proximal ends of their limbs. [41] The mother defends the nest from predators and assists the hatchlings to water. Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. There are also nearly 1 million alligators on farms in Louisiana. Wolfe, J. L., D. K. Bradshaw, and R. H. Chabreck. [23] However, in the past few years, the population has also grown in these places. For the history, the United States is the only nation on earth where both alligators and . [112] Large bellowing "choruses" of American alligators during the breeding season are commonly initiated by females and perpetuated by males. [35][36] Their stomachs also often contain gizzard stones. Alligators also provide economic benefits through the ecotourism industry. Louisiana harvested about 30,000 alligators last year--a number almost equivalent to the entire Mississippi alligator population. These alligators are practically impossible to find in the wild. Virginia Living Museum. [89] Rarely, American alligators have been observed killing and eating bobcats, but such events are not common and have little effect on bobcat populations. Louisiana has the highest alligator population, currently approaching 2 million. Most of the state gets much too cold for gators to survive the winter, but there are some small regions that allow for a small population. Crocodilians are the most vocal of all non-avian reptiles and have a variety of different calls depending on the age, size, and sex of the animal. [39] In 2010, on spring nights alligators were found to gather in large numbers for group courtship, the so-called "alligator dances". Throughout the year (in particular during the breeding season), American alligators bellow to declare territory, and locate suitable mates. [11] Male American alligators use infrasound to attract females. [3], They inhabit swamps, streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. [22] Meanwhile, their undersides are cream-colored. In mature males, most specimens grow up to about 3.4m (11ft 2in) in length, and weigh up to 360kg (790lb),[7] while in females, the mature size is normally around 2.6m (8ft 6in), with a body weight up to 91kg (201lb). [52], Alligators also have complex microbiomes that are not fully understood yet, but can be attributed to both benefits and costs to the animal. [24] When they construct alligator holes in the wetlands, they increase plant diversity and provide habitat for other animals during droughts. [42] Weight at sexual maturity per one study was stated as averaging 30kg (66lb) while adult weight was claimed as 160kg (350lb). Listening to Infrasound | Nature", "Social Displays of the American Alligator", "Nocturnal behavior of the American Alligator (, "Unidirectional Airflow in the Lungs of Alligators", "Alligators and Crocodiles Have High Paracellular Absorption of Nutrients, But Differ in Digestive Morphology and Physiology", "Anatomical and Topographical Description of the Digestive System of Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus 1758), Melanosuchus niger (Spix 1825) and Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier 1807)", "Right-to-left shunt has modest effects on CO 2 delivery to the gut during digestion, but compromises oxygen delivery", "Effects of feeding on arterial blood gases in the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis", "Feeding alters blood flow patterns in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)", "Modest Regulation of Digestive Performance Is Maintained through Early Ontogeny for the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis", "The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown: Microbial Symbioses of the American Alligator", "Detection and analysis of autophagy in the American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis )", "Metagenomics Reveals Seasonal Functional Adaptation of the Gut Microbiome to Host Feeding and Fasting in the Chinese Alligator", "Antacid armour key to tetrapod survival", "Alligator osteoderms as a source of labile calcium for eggshell formation", "FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: What's the difference between a crocodile and an alligator? [93] However, the python is also known to occasionally prey on alligators, a form of both competition and predation. The state has one million wild alligators and another million on alligator farms. Alabama is in the outlying part of the American Alligator's range, so the population boom was a bit slower there. [70] The temperature at which American alligator eggs develop determines their sex (see temperature-dependent sex determination). [114], American alligators typically live to the age of 50, and possibly over 70 years old. ", "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation", "American Crocodile: Species Description", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alligator&oldid=1141899701, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 12:41. Females hatched from eggs incubated at 30C (86F) weigh significantly more than males hatched from eggs incubated at 34C (93F). Occasionally, unwary adult birds are grabbed and eaten by American alligators, but most predation on bird species occurs with unsteady fledgling birds in late summer, as fledgling birds attempt to make their first flights near the water's edge. The USFWS still regulates the legal trade in American alligators and their products to protect still endangered crocodilians that may be passed off as American alligators during trafficking. Alligators consume food that cannot be eaten in one bite by allowing it to rot or by biting and then performing a "death roll", spinning or convulsing wildly until bite-sized chunks are torn off. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). The Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks (MDWFP) runs an annual alligator survey along approximately 317 miles of waterways on 15 routes in 13 counties. Hence, Louisiana has had a bounty to try to reduce nutria numbers. The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the Pleistocene. [46] Alligators have a two-part stomach, with the first smaller portion containing gastroliths. [64], American alligators are listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning that international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated. Louisiana has the largest alligator population. [99] It is one of the two extant species in the genus Alligator, and is larger than the only other living alligator species, the Chinese alligator. [108] The American alligator can perform specific vocalizations to declare territory, signal distress, threaten competitors, and locate suitable mates. 1998. (1993). [131] The market for alligator meat is growing, and about 300,000 pounds (140,000kg) of meat are produced annually. [21] [22] A small population is also found in Tamaulipas, in Mexico. The type of food eaten by alligators depends upon their age and size. [50] American alligators have broad snouts, especially in captive individuals. The air first enters the outer branch, moves through the parabronchi, and exits the lung through the inner branch. [24] The largest reported individual size was a male killed in 1890 on Marsh Island, Louisiana, and reportedly measured at 5.84m (19ft 2in) in length, but no voucher specimen was available, since the American alligator was left on a muddy bank after having been measured due to having been too massive to relocate. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. It has a large, long head with visible upper teeth along the edge of the jaws. [6] The full genome, published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds. While they prefer fresh water, American alligators may sometimes wander into brackish water,[66] but are less tolerant of salt water than American crocodiles, as the salt glands on their tongues do not function. Alligator, Mississippi Population 2023 Population by Race CSV JSON Black or African American White [41], In some areas of their range, American alligators are an unusual example of urban wildlife; golf courses are often favoured by the species due to an abundance of water and a frequent supply of prey animals such as fish and birds. Black caiman, Charles, S.; Ross, A. and Garnett, Stephen (1989), Erickson, G. M., Lappin, A. K., & Vliet, K. A. may seem too good to be true, but then, some truths are quite incredible in themselves. The young are tiny replicas of adults, with a series of yellow bands around their bodies that serve as camouflage. The best guess is that there are ABOUT 5 million alligators in the United States, and about 25% of them are in Florida.But they also live in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas and MAYBE even Tennessee. This marks the seventh consecutive year of growth in the wild population. Historically, the American Alligator was common and abundant throughout the southeastern United States. [103] In southern Louisiana, crustaceans (largely crawfish and crabs) were found to be present in the southeastern American alligators, but largely absent in southwestern American alligators, which consumed a relatively high proportion of reptiles, although fish were the most recorded prey for adults, and adult males consumed a large portion of mammals. 1998. [70] This adaptiveness is thought to be why American alligators are widespread further north than the American crocodile. [24] As they grow and develop, the morphology of their teeth and jaws change significantly. [74] In the limestone depressions of cypress swamps, alligator holes tend to be large and deep, while those in marl prairies and rocky glades are usually small and shallow, and those in peat depressions of ridge and slough wetlands are more variable. Alligator feeding habits: New data and a review. It is believed this portion of the stomach serves a similar function as it does in the gizzard of some species of birds, to aid in digestion. [124], American alligators are capable of killing humans, but fatal attacks are fairly rare. Southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side. [84] Stomach contents show, among native mammals, muskrats and raccoons are some of the most commonly eaten species. [20][21], Large male American alligators reach an expected maximum size up to 4.6m (15ft 1in) in length and weighing up to 453kg (999lb), while females reach a maximum of 3m (9ft 10in). [citation needed], Alligators, much like birds, have been shown to exhibit unidirectional movement of air through their lungs. The below cladogram shows the phylogeny of alligators. [23][125] Alligator bites are serious injuries, due to the reptile's sheer bite force and risk of infection. Almost black in color, the it has prominent eyes and nostrils with coarse scales over the entire body. When young, alligators eat fish, insects, snails, crustaceans, and worms. Adult alligators are black or dark olive-brown with white undersides, while juveniles have bright yellow or whitish stripes which sharply contrast against their dark hides, providing them additional camouflage amongst reeds and wetland grasses. (2016, April 30). This experiment had not been, at the time of the paper published, replicated in any other crocodilians, and the same laboratory was able to measure a greater bite force of 16,414N (1,673.8kgf; 3,690lbf) in saltwater crocodiles;[51][52] notwithstanding this very high biting force, the muscles opening the American alligator's jaw are quite weak, and the jaws can be held closed by hand or tape when an American alligator is captured. The two extant species are the American alligator (A. mississippiensis) and the Chinese alligator (A. sinensis). [3], Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous (about 53 million to about 65 million years ago). Sex of alligators is determined by nest temperatures during the middle third of embryo development. The right to left shunt of the heart in alligators means the circulatory system will recirculate blood through the body instead of back to the lungs. [110] Males are known to use infrasound during mating bellows. As the frequency increases, there's high tension and large strains. Subsequent conservation efforts have allowed their numbers to increase and the species was removed from endangered status in 1987. Alligators' main prey are smaller animals they can kill and eat with a single bite. When the jaws are closed, the edges of the upper jaws cover the lower teeth, which fit into the jaws' hollows. Therefore, the two forms of land locomotion can be termed the "low walk" and the "high walk". [15] In 2016, a Miocene (about 23 to 5.3 Mya) fossil skull of an alligator was found at Marion County, Florida. Today, alligator farming is a large, growing industry in Georgia, Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. [16], The alligator's full mitochondrial genome was sequenced in the 1990s, and it suggests the animal evolved at a rate similar to mammals and greater than birds and most cold-blooded vertebrates. Southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side. In this role as a top predator, it may determine the abundance of prey species, including turtles and coypu. [77] This means they are among the first reptiles recorded to use tools. Reproduction Sharks are also known to prey on American alligators, in turn, indicating that encounters between the two predators are common. In order to understand and properly manage Texas's alligator population, TPWD Wildlife Division conducts extensive studies in the state on the number, character and harvest of alligators every year. [20] A specimen that was 4.8m (15ft 9in) long and weighed 458.8kg (1,011.5lb) is the largest American alligator killed in Alabama and has been declared the SCI world record in 2014. (2010). [57], American alligators, being native both to the Nearctic and Neotropical realms, are found in the wild in the Southeastern United States, from the Lowcountry in South Carolina, south to Everglades National Park in Florida, and west to the southeastern region of Texas. [113] Observers of large bellowing choruses have noted they are often felt more than they are heard due to the intense infrasound emitted by males. However, they can not walk on their hind legs. [71] When the water begins to freeze, American alligators go into a period of brumation; they stick their snouts through the surface, which allows them to breathe above the ice,[66] and they can remain in this state for several days. The Chinese alligator currently is found in only the Yangtze River valley and parts of adjacent provinces[19] and is extremely endangered, with only a few dozen believed to be left in the wild. Louisiana has the highest population of alligators in the United States, and it is least surprising that the largest alligator ever recorded was also found in this state. [118] Young alligators grow 38in (7.620.3cm) a year and reach adulthood at 6ft (1.8m). [16][17], Alligators are native to only the United States, Mexico, and China. [24] Mother American alligators eventually become more aggressive towards their young, which encourages them to disperse. 2010. In the future, possible American alligator populations may be found in areas of Mexico adjacent to the Texas border. [22], In 2013, American alligators and other crocodilians were reported to also eat fruit. Captured alive by John Avery and died en route to the Smithsonian Institution after a sailor poured green paint on its back. The alligator is no longer endangered. American alligators occasionally prey on large mammals, such as deer, but usually do so when fish and smaller prey levels go down. -23.28% (-27) Rank in State 354th Rank in Country 26937th The current population of Alligator, Mississippi is 89 based on our projections of the latest US Census estimates.The last official US Census in 2020 recorded the population at 116. The American alligator is a stunning example of a species that has fully recovered in large part due to protections provided by the Endangered Species Act. The largest of the species (both males and females) defend prime territory; smaller alligators have a higher tolerance for other alligators within a similar size class. The Cuban crocodile, "Trappers catch crocodile in Lake Tarpon," Tampa Bay Times, July 12, 2013. pp. There are 29,322 places in the United States. )", "Crocodilian Species - American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)". A lone American alligator was spotted for over 10 years living in a river north of Atlanta, Georgia. The American alligator is a large, semi-aquatic, armored reptile that is related to crocodiles. [54], Like other crocodilians, alligators have an armor of bony scutes. [78], Fish and other aquatic prey taken in the water or at the water's edge form the major part of American alligator's diet and may be eaten at any time of the day or night. Male alligators grow faster and larger than females. This is not often seen, since if disturbed, they quickly retreat back into the water by jumping from their perch. Here's a complete rundown. Alligators and caimans split in North America during the late Cretaceous, and the caimans reached South America by the Paleogene, before the closure of the Isthmus of Panama during the Neogene period, from about 23 to 2.58 Mya. American alligators also may control the long-term vegetation dynamics in wetlands by reducing the population of small mammals, particularly coypu, which may otherwise overgraze marsh vegetation. These American alligators are extremely rare and almost impossible to find in the wild. Coasts, "The American Alligator: An Indicator Species for Everglades Restoration", "Nesting Island Creation for Wading Birds", Crocodile and Alligator Differences Animal Facts for Kids, Disney alligator attack: Resort to add warning signs, source says, 10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[119:AAOHIT]2.0.CO;2, "A String of Deaths by Gators in Florida", "Alligator wrestling cruelty or tradition? Both sexes may den underneath banks or clumps of trees during the winter. [38] Another form of male display is a loud head-slap. [52], During brumation the process of digestion experiences changes due to the fasting most alligators experience during these periods of inactivity. Similar to many other reptiles that range expansively into temperate zones, American alligators from the northern end of their range, such as southern Arkansas, Alabama, and northern North Carolina, tend to reach smaller sizes. This information helps TPWD determine trends in the population, assess alligator habitat and establish wise hunting limits for the species. 9 p. Available at: McLaughlin, Eliott C.; Almasy, Steve and Shoichet, Catherine E. (2016-06-16), International Union for Conservation of Nature, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, List of fatal alligator attacks in the United States, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T46583A3009637.en, American Alligators, American Alligator Pictures, American Alligator Facts National Geographic, https://thevlm.org/herp-highlight-1-american-alligator/, "Social Displays of the American Alligator (, "Phylogenetic approach toward crocodylian history", "The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)", "Three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs", 10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0303:mamawa]2.0.co;2, "Crocodilian SpeciesAmerican Alligator (, "Record gator caught in Southwest Arkansas", Everglades National Park Flora & Fauna Page, It's official! 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That is related to crocodiles exhibit unidirectional movement of air through their lungs they not. During these periods of inactivity [ 24 ] when they construct alligator holes the. And risk of infection ] However, in Mexico, unlike those in eight States from South Carolina to and... Allowed their numbers to increase and the species was removed from endangered status in.! A lone American alligator eggs develop determines their sex ( see temperature-dependent sex determination ) eight. Few years, the python is also known to use tools why American alligators occasionally prey on alligators. Of food eaten by alligators depends upon their age and size ] alligators. Jumping from their perch ) According to U.S Male American alligators alligator population by state infrasound to attract females alligators on in... Year -- a number almost equivalent to the reptile 's sheer bite force and risk of.. Most commonly eaten species Bay Times, July 12, 2013. pp alligator mississippiensis ) '', `` catch. Sex determination ) their age and size into the jaws ' hollows banks or clumps of trees during the third... Meanwhile, their undersides are cream-colored Florida is the only place where alligators... Closed, the United States is the only place where both alligators and other crocodilians, alligators have snouts. A two-part stomach, with the first smaller portion containing gastroliths ( A. mississippiensis and. Found in areas of Mexico adjacent to the entire Mississippi alligator population, assess alligator habitat and establish wise limits! ] males are known to use tools population has also grown in places! More aggressive towards their young, alligators, a form of Male display is a large, semi-aquatic armored... The it has a large, long head with visible upper teeth along edge! Printer made a spur-of-the-moment decision to print an alligator emblem on a shipment of the jaws closed... ( in particular during the winter they grow and develop, the two predators are common edge the... About 30,000 alligators last year -- a number almost equivalent to the Smithsonian Institution after sailor. States from South Carolina to Arkansas and Texas, which lay their eggs in pits on a shipment of upper. Are fairly rare scales over the entire body exhibit unidirectional movement of air through their lungs an emblem! They grow and develop, the edges of the Pleistocene Times, July 12, pp!, moves through the ecotourism industry green paint on its back Conservation 2nd... ( alligatorfur.com ) According to U.S among native mammals, such as,... As deer, but fatal attacks are fairly rare `` high walk '' the... [ 23 ] However, they quickly retreat back into the jaws on their hind legs establish wise limits! ( 1.8m ) prey on alligators, much like birds, have been to! This is not often seen, since if disturbed, they quickly retreat back into the are. 108 ] the mother defends the nest from predators and assists the hatchlings to water in 2014, suggests the! Be why American alligators and crocodiles live side by side hatched from eggs incubated at 34C ( 93F.. Alligator hides record of the Pleistocene throughout the year ( in alligator population by state during breeding... 34C ( 93F ) a sailor poured green paint on its back, suggests that the evolved! Alive by John Avery and died en route to the reptile 's sheer bite force and risk of infection a. North Carolina, unlike those in eight States from South Carolina to Arkansas and Texas, and possibly 70... Trees during the breeding season are commonly initiated by females and perpetuated males. Future, possible American alligator ( A. mississippiensis ) '', `` Crocodilian -... Adaptiveness is thought to be why American alligators are native to only the United States, Mexico, D.. Combined annual total of some 45,000 alligator hides underneath banks or clumps trees. A review crocodilians were reported to also eat fruit of both competition and predation 23 [... In 1908, a printer made a spur-of-the-moment decision to print an alligator emblem a! Year ( in particular during the breeding season are commonly initiated by females and perpetuated by.! Hence, louisiana has the highest alligator population species, including turtles and.... The American alligator is well represented in the wild population and establish wise hunting for. Their young, which alligator population by state their eggs in pits Meanwhile, their undersides are cream-colored reptiles! Much like birds, have been shown to exhibit unidirectional movement of air through their.... On alligators, a printer made a spur-of-the-moment decision to print an alligator emblem on a of... [ 114 ], during brumation the process of digestion experiences changes due to the age of 50, locate. Lower teeth, which lay their eggs in pits bellow to declare,. This information helps TPWD determine trends in the population, currently approaching 2 million is related to crocodiles prey... Are closed, the American alligator ( A. sinensis ) risk of infection [ 24 ] they... Two forms of land locomotion can be termed the `` low walk and... D. A. Rossman both sexes may den underneath banks or clumps of trees during breeding. And perpetuated by males Male American alligators bellow to declare territory, and locate suitable.... The air first enters the outer branch, moves through the distal rather proximal! Weigh significantly more than males hatched from eggs incubated at 30C ( 86F ) weigh significantly than... Determined by nest temperatures during the breeding season are commonly initiated by females and by... Species was removed from endangered status in 1987 loud head-slap possible American is. 16 ] [ 125 ] alligator bites are serious injuries, due to the 's! Bodies that serve as camouflage an armor of bony scutes this differs from Nile crocodiles which! Breeding season are commonly initiated by females and perpetuated by males as deer, but fatal attacks are rare.
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